Challenges Faced by Records Centres in Zimbabwe Essay Example for Free

Difficulties Faced by Records Centers in Zimbabwe Essay Individuals every now and again go to innovation since they discover they cannot deal with their paper records. Possibly they are overwhelmed by a lot of paper nearby, or they cannot discover the reports they need, or both. Without anyone else, innovation can't fix a records the board issue; innovation applications need a ton of exploration and wanting to be viable. While computerizing records can be a significant device, there are difficulties to coordinating these mechanical gadgets into a record framework. Tennessee State Library and Archives expresses that, a records place is, â€Å"an between time stockpiling and recovery office where dormant records of more than one organization might be regulated in the interest of such offices and might be put away and recovered advantageously, monetarily, and in great request and stock control until their last manner but then stay under the entrance and demeanor control of their beginning offices. Roper and Miller (1999; 6) proposes that, â€Å"Records focus is a structure or part of a structure planned or adjusted for the ease stockpiling, upkeep and correspondence of semi-current records pending their definitive removal. † The Records Center is answerable for shielding the records from unapproved access, harm, and disintegration. Both lawful control and control of access to the records is held by the organization until the records are either moved to the Archives segment or wrecked. Computerizing as characterized by Alexis L (1999; 5), â€Å"is the utilization of machines, control frameworks and data innovations to enhance efficiency in the creation of products and conveyance of administrations. † The researcher likewise propounds that, â€Å"the right motivator for applying robotization is to expand profitability, as well as quality past that conceivable with ebb and flow human work levels in order to acknowledge economies of scale, as well as acknowledge unsurprising quality levels. In the extent of industrialisation, robotization is a stage past automation. Though motorization gives human administrators apparatus to help them with the solid necessities of work, mechanization significantly diminishes the requirement for human tangible and mental prerequisites while expanding load limit, speed, and repeatability. † Automation assumes an inexorably significant job on the planet economy and in every day experience. In help to the abovementioned, Dorf and Bishop (1998; 8) additionally expresses that, â€Å"automating is the control of a mechanical procedure (fabricating creation, etc) via mechanizing rather that manual methods. Roper and Miller (1999; 6) likewise call attention to robotizing as, â€Å"the utilization of machines or frameworks to perform undertakings regularly performed or gathered by individuals. † Some of the difficulties that are looked by records focuses in Zimbabwe in robotizing their records frameworks incorporate, upkeep and support costs, masters are required, new equipment and programming should be bought, neighborhood the executives and laborers should be prepared, a total re-evaluation of authority staffing might be essential (the enlistment of frameworks expert effectively acquainted with the plan and usage of circulated frameworks) among others. Comparable to upkeep and support costs, Alexis L (1999; 5) propounds that, â€Å"Once innovation is bought for a records place, the expense of upkeep and support can be excessively extraordinary for the structure to keep up. Obsolete programming and equipment parts can be contrary with accessible projects. Additionally, the expense of fixing broken hardware might be excessively costly for records focus financial plans. † The specialist additionally takes note of that all together for a records community to effectively mechanize its records framework, there must be a moving substitution or refreshing arrangement set up to keep innovation current and valuable. There are likewise contradiction issues in mechanizing the record frameworks of records focuses in Zimbabwe. As indicated by Harvest (1992; 57), â€Å"Many records focuses today have educational programs and projects dependent on state or national evaluations. Most of these tests and measures are paper-and-pencil situated so as to make them available for all clients. Since learning with innovation includes composing contribution to a PC, there is a separation between the appraisals that decide government subsidizing and the utilization of innovation in the records places. To satisfactorily plan for these tests, clients need practice with true evaluations most intently copying those of the state sanctioned test. Waites and Knott (1992; 523) states that, â€Å"automating records present an additional test to records administrators in records focuses on the grounds that they should manage clients of shifting PC education levels. A few clients enter the records place completely versed in the uses of a PC, while others accompany no related knowledge. It is hard for records chiefs to manage this huge distinction and guarantee that they furnish clients who need help with that help while not requiring able clients to slow their scholastic advancement and pause. † Another test looked by these records communities in Zimbabwe in robotizing their records frameworks is that there is absence of help. Perderson (1987; 5) expresses that, â€Å"While innovation can be an incredible expansion to the records places, it likewise can be a wellspring of dissatisfaction for both the records director and the client. Except if the records director is all around prepared in innovation and can bolster the equipment in the records community, an innovation master will be expected to investigate issues. In the event that records community can't bolster the bought innovation, it basically renders it futile in the midst of emergency or decay. † Additionally from the researcher’s point, innovation regularly needs visit support to save it in great condition for use. On the off chance that all these are not accessible it implies more cash will be required for the upkeep just as employing specialists to utilize the mechanized frameworks. Preparing the staff and benefactors to utilize a recently robotized framework can be testing. As indicated by the Colorado Department of Education, Training is costly and you can never pay for enough. In the event that the staff is new to mechanized records the board programming, they will require numerous long periods of preparing to feel good working the framework. A select number of staff will likewise require preparing to oversee particular tasks, for example, indexing or benefactor record the board. Also, benefactors will require help utilizing the framework to look for library materials. A few supporters might be hesitant to change to another framework, particularly on the off chance that they dont like PCs. With legitimate preparing and a lot of help, clients will conform to the new framework. Prythesh (1996) sent that, â€Å"because association issues, downloading issues, policing programming and different challenges can cause detours while executing an exercise in the innovation based records community, records supervisors some of the time avoid utilizing it basically as a result of absence of time. With the entirety of the requests on clients, the measure of time spent in the records community is increasingly important. † To lose a couple of moments on account of availability issues isn't doable, and its one significant motivation behind why mechanizing records frameworks frequently falls flat in records focuses in Zimbabwe. Additional time is lost because of association issues. Innovation is another obstacle to cross while robotizing a records framework. When choosing records robotization programming, one must ensure it will work with the current gear or be monetarily arranged to buy overhauled innovation. Kerri Cox Online (2013) proposes that, â€Å"Analyze the records partners workstations, benefactor passages, organize server, Internet access and building electrical framework. A few records communities may require minor innovative updates, while others will require a costly mechanical upgrade. † The innovation group, or absence of one, can be another test of records framework robotization. Reap (1992; 57) states that, â€Å"A records focus needs a solid innovation emotionally supportive network set up before robotization. Somebody needs to administer the robotization procedure and investigate any product or equipment issues. The analyst additionally noticed that once the framework is set up, the innovation group should proceed to screen and update the framework. Aside from the difficulties, robotizing records framework in records focuses has a few advantages and some of them are higher creation rates and expanded profitability, progressively effective utilization of materials, better item quality, improved security, shorter work filled weeks for work. Kerri Cox (2013) plots that, â€Å"Higher yield and expanded efficiency have been two of the most compelling motivations in advocating the utilization of mechanization. Regardless of the cases of high caliber from great workmanship by people, computerized frameworks normally play out the assembling procedure with less fluctuation than human specialists, bringing about more noteworthy control and consistency of item quality. Likewise, expanded procedure control utilizes materials. † Also a computerized framework brings about effectiveness, Alexis L (1999; 5) advances that, â€Å"they complete more than people yet cost less to work. This is on the grounds that they do require breaks, compensation, occasions, flasks, warming and lighting. The nature of the work done is consistently of a similar standard being materials are not squandered because of human blunder. The researcher as far as speed additionally expresses that, â€Å"automated frameworks can process data considerably more rapidly than people. † This implies they are useful for controlling hardware that may should be balanced right away. To summarize the specialist takes note of that, records frameworks robotization is an extraordinary improvement for a records place, yet it accompanies a lot of cerebral pains. It is a tedious procedure. Records Centers may battle to have the best possible innovation for the robotization. Staff and supporters may require a ton of t

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Essay

Charles Dickens composed this novel since he was definitely moved by the parcel of poor kids in the center many years of the nineteenth century. This is the explanation which spurred Dickens in doing this, before composing this novel. Before he chose to this he thought of distributing flyers. Then again a few pundits have proposed that Scrooge’s reclamation underscores what they see as the traditionalist individualistic and male centric of Dickens Carol Philosophy. Dickens own encounters impacted him a ton in why he composed this novel and how he thinks about the youngsters, who had to hard work in the workhouses from such youthful age as 12. Under the steady gaze of the â€Å"New Poor Law† was presented in 1834, a high level of small kids were constrained t work to ensure that them and their families didn't pass on of starvation. There was a notable jail called the â€Å"The Marshelsea†, it became know in the nineteenth century around the globe through the composition of the English writer Charles Dickens. His dad which was there in 1824 for an obligation of ? 40 and 10 shillings anyway Dickens most horrendous experience was the point at which he had to leave school at the youthful age of 12 to work in a processing plant. Dickens previously had thoughts of how to utilize these kinds of encounters in a novel. A portion of the social conditions, for example, the new poor law have been appeared in the â€Å"Christmas Carol† in this specific statement: â€Å"The Treadmill and the poor law in full energy at that point? † â€Å"Both extremely occupied sir†' This statement demonstrates to us that Dickens utilized his novel to communicate the social conditions through it. Dickens utilized Scrooge as the fundamental character to show that rich individuals consistently have an obligation to help those less lucky. He unmistakably shows this view toward the finish of the novel where he gives a little fellow cash to purchase a turkey for the Crachit family. The family isn’t the most extravagant however has a truly warm heart. Crachit takes a stab at indicating Scrooge that life isn't about cash and furthermore that he should attempt to proceed onward and disregard Bella. Penny pincher had a downright terrible encounter when Bella weds another person since she revealed to him that he thinks about cash more than her. Miser by one way or another needed to beat this deplorable occasion in his life and from that point forward he has not had the option to praise a fruitful eve without thinking about her for even a second. In a lot prior in the novel 3 elderly people men come up to Scrooge requesting cash to give to individuals for Christmas, anyway Scrooge is an inhumane individual so as opposed to giving a couple of shillings he says â€Å"Bah Humbug. † The primary character of â€Å"A Christmas Carol† is Ebenezer Scrooge. He is an older man who lives in London, his sister kicked the bucket leaving a child whose name is Fred. Notwithstanding this Ebenezer has no family. He is a rich financier. Scrooges agent Bob Crachit is a middleâ€aged man who has six youngsters. Ebenezer is dainty and has a slight hunchback, coal silver hair and a wrinkled old face, on which he has rosy eyes, a since quite a while ago pointed nose and flimsy blue lips as cold as ice. Like his representative Bob is very sharp looking. Let’s investigate Scrooge first, before he got visited by the spirits he was an extremely parsimonious individual and just thought about his own advantages. He couldn’t figure out how to share his cash and was not touchy to the enduring of others. Ebenezer was even cruel to his worker who never cheated, is dependable, persevering and needed to bear the terrible conduct on him. Sway is happy with not possessing anything and having no cash by any stretch of the imagination. Sway is happy with not claiming anything and having no cash by any stretch of the imagination, anyway the main things that issue for him and satisfy him are the little however the most significant things in life which is his family. After Scrooge got visited by the phantoms he changed decidedly and you could even say that was like Crachit. Much the same as he loves Christmas, is a decent and open to other people, euphoric and cheerful. He even begun to impart cash to poor people and communicated his sentiments by helping other people. As I would see it Scrooge transformed into a superior character and I respect his abrupt change into a superior person. Bounce Crachit’s qualities are that he is poor, has a major family, youthful and deals with his nearby ones, happy and decent. The crachit family live in a little comfortable home yet they don’t have enough cash to enhance it with extravagances in light of the fact that the most significant thing for them is too have enough cash for coal/fire so they would be warm, anyway above all they need to happen is for Tiny Tim to be a solid once more. The marvelous change that Scrooge has made makes us mindful that great change is rarely past the point of no return. Additionally that cash can't accepting joy you simply need to impart it to others to make something great of it.

Researching a decay (1990's movies) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Examining a rot (1990's motion pictures) - Essay Example As called attention to, the mainstream society during 1990s was completely not the same as the previous decade in light of the fact that the startling finish of Cold War, the breakdown of Soviet Union and the breakdown of Berlin divider profoundly impact the political/social situation of the world. To be explicit, the wartime conclusion and nationalistic temperament changed into social amalgamation and acknowledgment. In any case, Chris states that â€Å"The quickening mix of data and amusement media implied that films and network shows had become news themselves† (139). The mainstream society mirrors the desires and sentiments of the mass and goes about as a security valve which mirrors the social attributes of a general public. Inside this specific situation, the mainstream society during 1990s set itself liberated from political position and changed into multiculturalism. To put it plainly, mainstream society during 1990s mirrored the adjustment in universal legislative iss ues and mirrored the equivalent inside culture. The most significant trait of films during 1990s was hyperrealism. Inside this unique circumstance, the fundamental qualities of hyperrealism can be extensively characterized into three: intercession, personality, and reality. Hyperrealism in 1990s can be basically characterized as the problem which prompts virtual genuine figment. To be explicit, the movies in 1990s are interconnected with hyperrealism. Martin opines that â€Å"The utilization of terms, for example, ‘simulation’, virtual reality’ and ‘hyperrealism’ in the analysis of news media is frequently confounded and imprecise† (141). The individual (state, the saint) who can encounter hyperrealism can act the job of a channel among virtual and genuine universes. This is the most significant quality of hyperrealism, which affected the situation of film in 1990s. Different qualities of hyperrealism in 1990s include: Inside this unique circumstance, the film The Matrix (1999) is probably the best case of hyperrealism

Personal Essay Topics For College Students

Personal Essay Topics For College StudentsPersonal essay topics should not be something that you come up with on your own. Rather, you need to be able to write about subjects that are pertinent to you.Here are some subjects that you may want to include in your essay. You can use these to look at yourself and reflect on certain thoughts that you may have had. You can also look at some of the same subjects that you could use to address other people. By taking a look at different topics that you could address, you will find that you can write about your experiences better.One of the easiest personal essay topics that college students can write about is their favorite sport. Sports like basketball and football are very popular for many reasons. If you are a college student, you may want to include this as a personal essay topic so that you can look at how it relates to you.Another easy personal essay topic for college students is their favorite movie. This can be used to examine the medi um through which they receive their news. If you know your news sources well, you can find out what types of stories and movies appeal to you. Even if you do not watch a lot of movies, you may be able to find one that you are interested in by looking at your favorite news sources.Another fun personal essay topic for college students is an interest that you have in music. If you like to listen to music or if you play an instrument, you may want to include this in your essay. Of course, you will also need to look at your favorite artists. If you love the band X-Factor, then you will want to include them in your essay.Personal essay topics for college students are not limited to just topics. There are many that you can write about that are not centered around specific topics. You may want to write about animals and see if there is a category that you fit into. Many college students may find that they fall into several categories.Writing about your favorite subject may not always be the best way to approach a subject. As long as you keep the type of topic in mind when you are writing, you will be able to cover any topic you may be interested in. In addition, you may be able to include some personal information that you would not be able to include in a normal essay. While not every subject will fit well into your essay, you can consider using the subjects that you are most comfortable with.

Animal Farm and Stalinist Russia Essay - 904 Words

Animal Farm and Stalinist Russia In his book Animal Farm George Orwell gives a very vivid and accurate account of what happened in Russia after Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. Being an allegory, most of the characters and events have a parallel in Stalinist Russia. Minor characters in the story also symbolize things that are very relevant to the history of Russia. Mr. Jones is the embodiment of the old government, of the monarchy where the autocrat takes all without giving anything; he is the last of the Czars. Czar Nicholas II lost control because the publishing of Karl Marxs book Communist Manifesto led to the successful February Revolution, had ignited the spark of†¦show more content†¦They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In the future all questions relating to the work of the farm would be settled by a special committee of the pigs and, presided over by himself. (Orwell) This is also very much like the Command Economy that Stalin had made, in which the government made all economic decisions. Stalins next decision was to build the windmill that he had been so opposed to when proposed by Snowball. Trotsky had proposed a Five-Year Plan for the industrialization of Russia, and Stalin was opposed to it. After Trotsky was gone, Stalin had no economic ideas of his own; In a word, he put into practice the dictatorship of indus try for which Trotsky had called five years earlier. (Ovseyenko) The windmills, hence, represent the Five-Year plans, or Russias Industry. As Trotsky gained more power, it was imperative for him to eliminate any who might challenge it, and also to keep a bodyguard around him to prevent any harm from coming to him; maintaining this in mind, he assigned a secret police to assassinate people who were against him and to keep him safe, Napoleon needed his personal army also, and this was the dogs actual purpose. When they had finished confessing their crimes, the dogs promptly tore their throats out.... (Orwell) Napoleon then asked if anyone else had any crimes to confess, and they were executed immediately. Pinchfield, one of theShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1449 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept that the animals in George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm crave. The animals of Animal Farm want freedom from their â€Å"dictator† Farmer Jones and the rest of humanity. The ir problem is that Farmer Jones and humanity are still in power. With the bravery of two pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, the animals overthrow their human oppressors and free themselves from humanity. With his new freedom Napoleon craves power and expels Snowball. He becomes the dictator of Animal Farm and makes the farm a place whereRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, George Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm Research Paper655 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Farm Research Paper The book Animal Farm is just one of many novels that George Orwell wrote, and it is likely to be the most controversial. It is about animals that try to defeat an unruly tyrant by the name of Mr. Jones. The overworked, mistreated animals’ goal is to bring down Jones and take over the farm for themselves. The book is actually a story based loosely on the events that happened during the Russian Revolution. Topics such as communism, propaganda, and Marxism are usedRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1347 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm, the windmill that the animals build symbolizes totalitarian triumph, highlights the novel’s Soviet parallels, and emphasizes various themes and character traits. The windmill reveals the despotic and megalomanic tendencies of the pigs, particularly Napoleon, and the hardworking and naà ¯ve nature of Boxer, the horse. It also brings the themes, such as the abuse of language to bolster power, and the danger of a naà ¯ve working class, to light. Animal Farm’s symbolic windmillRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm1711 Words   |  7 Pages1A. Mr. Jones is a significant character because his actions and bad deeds provoked the animal rebellion, similarly to how Tsar Nicholas II ignorance led his abdication, ending the Romanov rule and replacing it with the new Bolshevik government (Krieger 185). Moreover, in the story, the animals replaced what used to be â€Å"Manor Farm† to â€Å"Animal Farm†, and Orwell does this to resemble the transformation of Russia’s government. There are other events in the story that parallel the true events that resembleRead More Animal Farm, by George Orwell Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagespiece of satire, Animal Farm. The main targets at the brunt of this political satire are the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the leaders involved in it. George Orwell successfully condemns these targets through satirical techniqu es such as irony, fable, and allegory. The immediate object of attack in Orwells political satire is the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The events narrated in Animal Farm obviously andRead MoreThe Key Themes In Animal Farm By George Orwell952 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm, an allegorical novel by George Orwell, depicts a very clear picture of the events leading up to the 1917 Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. The techniques Orwell has used when writing this piece allows his robust view points and prominent reoccurring themes to become clear. A couple of themes that stood out the most to me was the use of education and intelligence, as well as corruption of power and leadership to fuel oppression. Orwell uses the imagery of aRead MoreDeclaration of Independence from My Parents1033 Words   |  5 PagesColagross 24 May 2013 Formal Speech of â€Å"Animal Farm† By: George Orwell Old Major, a prize-winning boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called â€Å"Beasts of England,† in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasmRead MoreAnimal Rebellion In George Orwells Animal Farm And Allegory1832 Words   |  8 PagesTHINK ABOUT ACTIVITY #1: ANIMAL FARM AND ALLEGORY. ** How is this story allegorical? If an allegory is â€Å"a figurative representation conveying a meaning other than and in addition to the literal,† then what is the additional or alternative meaning contained in Orwell’s story of animal rebellion? ANSWER: The story is allegorical, because the characters and the event in the animal farm, represents the actual characters and the event that took place during the Russia Revolution. -Additional meaningRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Farm is of course, a satirical allegory, very specifically of the Russian Revolution and of Stalin (Napoleon in the book), but more generally of revolution, the idealism of utopias, and the way in which people take control of societies founded on principles of equality. It is a satirical allegory of Soviet totalitarianism. Orwell based major events in the book on ones from the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. Orwell, a democratic socialist, and a member of the Independent Labour Party

Media and The Agenda Setting Theory - 1337 Words

According to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, section 11d, the accused is â€Å"to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal† (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982). Despite the right to one’s innocence preceding a fair and public trial, the indicted typically receives mass media coverage, making the individual susceptible to the opinion’s of the public. This is especially true in the case of a renowned individual, such as a celebrity or politician. The media’s coverage of the news, prior to a fair hearing, results in public scrutiny of subjects. Media involvement generates public uproar, frequently resulting in the condemning of the accused preceding their right to a fair trial as stated in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Not only is an individual’s right, according to the charter, to be presumed innocent jeopardized by the media but also their assumed right to a private life is put into question. Agenda Setting Theory Agenda Setting Theory refers to the media’s ability to influence the significance of topics to the public. Agenda setting allows for the establishment of public awareness to issues made relevant by media. There are two assumptions underlying the agenda-setting theory (McCombs Shaw, 1972). Firstly, the media’s portrayal of an event does not necessarily reflect reality; rather the media filters and shapes the news. Secondly, the infiltration ofShow MoreRelatedAgenda Setting Theory And Social Media1317 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Agenda-Setting Theory and Social Media The agenda-setting theory states that the media influences what people choose to think about. The theory emerged from communication studies and focuses on mass media and setting the public agenda. In the seminal article, McCombs and Shaw (1972) found a high correlation between media agenda and the public agenda through content analysis of a local election. The theorists wanted to discover what types of people are most susceptible to the media agenda throughRead MoreThe Agenda Setting Theory Of The Mass Media1033 Words   |  5 Pages Theory Overview Agenda setting theory is the hypothesis done by Shaw and McCombs, stating that the mass media has the ability to transfer the importance of issues on their news agenda to the public agenda. This theory contrasted with the selective exposure hypothesis which held that people only attend to stories which confirm their world view. The theory had two attractive features, one it reaffirms the power of the press and second it maintains individual freedom. Also it is represented a backRead MoreAgenda Setting Theory And Social Media s Influence2238 Words   |  9 Pages Agenda Setting Theory Social Media’s Influence Alicia Murray Kennesaw State University Abstract The creators of the agenda setting theory, Dr. Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw, say that Watergate is the most faultless example of how the agenda setting theory can heavily influence the mass media. The Watergate issue caught fire after months on the front page of The Washington Post because McCombs and Shaw believe that the â€Å"mass media have the ability to transfer the salienceRead MoreThe Agenda Setting Theory On The Public Agenda1076 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of the agenda-setting theory goes back over 50 years to when it was introduced in a 1972 edition of Public Opinion Quarterly by Drs. Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw. It was first developed as a means of studying the 1968 American presidential election as it relates to the most important issues determined by the news media and the most important issues determined by the 100 residents of Chapel Hill, North Carolina (McCombs Shaw, 1972). Still relevant today, the agenda setting theory explains theRead MoreAgenda Sett ing Theory Of The United States Government And Its 300 Million Inhabitants Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pageschannels, including politics, interpersonal communication, and the mass media.   How does a specific item gain or lose momentum in this discussion?   Agenda Setting Theory attempts to describe the forces dictating the perceived importance (salience) of specific issues, occurrences, or values by individuals (McCombs Shaw, 1972, p. 177; Shaw, McCombs, Weaver, and Hamm, 1999, pp. 2-4). Agenda Setting Theory describes how the mass media affect the public salience of issues, especially those of politicalRead MoreMedia s Effect On Society1084 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years media has had an intense effect on society, an effect so immense we don’t even notice its presence sometimes. Media is crucial to any society; we are all surrounded by media. Each and every day people interact with media of many forms. Media is generally defined as being a channel of communication. We as a society absorb media from a wide variety of forms such as television, radio, magazines, newspapers, billboards and the internet. These are referred to as ‘mass’ media, because theyRead MoreThe Trial Of Simpson : An Agenda Setting Analysis1508 Words   |  7 PagesAn Agenda-Setting Analysis Mariah Short University of Kentuckyâ€Æ' The Trial of O.J. Simpson: An Agenda-Setting Analysis During the infamous O.J. Simpson trial the television news media was ever present. Placing the trial as a top news story set in motion the idea that this trial was an important issue. However, the television news media was not successful at determining whether O.J. was guilty or not. For this reason, the O.J. Simpson trial is an excellent example of the Agenda Setting Theory. ThisRead MoreCommunication Theory : The Agenda Setting Theory1326 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication Theory Case Study Vidya Naidoo 5073 Communication Design Theory - Assignment Two Introduction: In this case study I will be analysing the Agenda Setting Theory of Communication proposed by Maxwell McCombs and Donald L. Shaw in 1972 in relation to the Cosmopolitan Australia magazine cover, Katy Perry issue 2014. Analysis of communication theory: The agenda setting theory by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw states that the ideas of the public in the modern world are constructedRead MoreThe Theory And Magic Bullet Theory767 Words   |  4 Pageswith, throughout the semester in Mass Communication Theory and Research we’ve discussed various research theories; however, the two theories that interest me were the agenda setting theory and magic bullet theory. I choose these two theories specifically because they both focused on how the media is the core and how it can immensely affect audience’s perception and behavior towards the media. First, The Agenda Setting Function of the Mass Media, it was first put forth by Maxwell McCombs and DonaldRead MoreDiscuss The Stakeholders Organizations And People Who Are Impacted By The Public Policy932 Words   |  4 Pageslevel (Executives) interacts with the Congress to get their policy proposal placed on the congressional agenda. At the state level they have their own agenda priorities, and these priorities will affect how states act in the federal system, attempting to influence the federal agenda in pursuit of state-level goals. The emerging literature about states’ impacts on internal and external agendas demonstrates the importance of challenging accepted views of the interactions between federal levels. This

Does Psychological Profiling Assist Criminal Investigations free essay sample

The American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI lay claim to creating offender profiling and although there is no universally agreed definition (Snood et al. , 2007:439), the fundamental idea Is the same throughout. Profiling aims to offer the probable description of a likely offender, after an analysis of a crime scene, the victims and the evidence available. Dwyer describes it as one of the most controversial and misunderstood areas of criminal detection (2001 :47), and It Is agreed that profiling does not solve crimes, but narrows down the range of potential suspects (Dwyer, 2001 :49; Insinuators, 2013:8). Due to the definition being so broad, It is also relevant to note that not all claims are equal and there are factors within profiling that are unverifiable and open to misinterpretation (Alison et al.. 2007:503). Broadly speaking there are two types of offender profiling; the geographical profiling and psychological profiling (Mueller, 2000:235). This paper will be split into four parts and focus on psychological profiling throughout in order to give a more in depth analysis. The first part of this paper will give a brief analysis of psychological profiling and review the concerned literature, whilst explaining the effects that profiling has on miscarriages of Justice. The second part will look at the ways the psychological profiling helps to avoid miscarriages of Justice. However, due to the shortage of literature, the paper will evaluate a number of relevant cases. The third part of this paper proposes suggestions for future research; it will then summaries and conclude. Psychological profiling is one of the key aspects within criminal Investigation and Its prevalence has Increased over the last 30 years (Snood et al. , 2007:437). Controversy about the different types of psychological profiling has minded unabated for years (Insinuators, 2002:143) and It is only over the past decade that research has developed more reliable profiling methods that Justifies the recent increased frequency in profiling use (Alison et al. , 2007:497). Although offender profiling has its advantages such as predicting the vulnerability or risk of an offender, thus saving the criminal Justice time and money, the disadvantages are two- fold (see: Melee, 1954). The criminal Justice system Is naive in when It comes to profiling (Alison et 2002:11 5, Alison et al. , 2007:497), not taking into account the orations of Individuals which seemingly do not correlate with socio demographic features (Alison et 2007:499). Alison and Egan (2006, cited in Alison et al. 2007:498) argue this and suggest that human behavior should not be categorized and go on to propose a more dimensional outlook, describing a range of levels. Their research takes into account maturity levels of the individual by discussing ages, intelligence levels, and socio economic groups. Canter et al. (2004:312) research further supplements this, in their study concerning the typology of serial murderers, and they conclude that the majority of examples contained both elements of disorganized and organized. However, any profiling of this type still needs consistency for it to work and this is assumed, throughout all types of profiling. Although contentious, (Alison et al. , 2007:499) homology delves further into the that would be linked with other types of profiling could in fact be two different offenders with similar personalities. This however, also has downfalls, in its assumption that a particular personality will behave in a particular way. There are a number of studies that have consistently failed to find a relationship in any of the rotational methods that have been described above, for example Beauregard sexual polymorphism study (2010:2). It is also valuable to note the frequency of the word assume or assumption in the concerned literature, since as it has already been mentioned that investigators are naive, and it could be concluded that offender profiling is taken for granted as being accurate. This in itself could lead to miscarriages of Justice. Alison et al. 2002:122) state two key assumptions made by profilers; consistency and homology of offense behaviors, both which could achieve a miscarriage of Justice. Studies show (Alison et al. 2002:124), that contextual features must be taken into account when profiling due to individuals behaviors varying in different environments, or having had a change in circumstances. Insinuators states a similar notion, explaining that genetic factors and environmental influence s affect behavior (2002:135). All of these different factors need to be taken into account in order for profiling to become reliable. However, science has improved reliability, compared to the early research concerning profiling, when academics tended to focus on one particular element to explain criminal behavior (for example Essence, 1964). Profiling has been known to impede cases (R v. Stag) and although investigators argue that profiling helps to narrow the suspect search (Alison et al. , 2002:127), the over reliance of profiling could lead to miscarriages of Justice because it relies on a generalization of behavior, too precise statements on likely characteristics and the motivational reasons of the offender. This could in turn lead to a concentration on a possible group of innocent suspects and therefore hinder investigations. Recent scientific research into offender profiling is being used more frequently, as it evolves more reliable profiling methods. These methods contribute more to the ways in which evidence is collected, or decisions are made and commits to the national policing initiatives rather than being broad and open to interpretation and thus leading to a Barnum Effect (see: Dickson and Kelly, 1985). This gives the greater need for an approved process, which could be used in order to assess the soundness of a profiler report and educate investigators and reduce their naivety, which could lead to less tunnel vision and decrease the probability of a miscarriage of Justice occurring. Young and Canter (2003) state that Investigative psychology (P) is the framework for the integration of a diverse range of aspects of psychology into all areas of criminal and civil investigation concerned with psychological input to the full range of issues that relate to the management, investigation and prosecution of crime. Canters (2003) ten classes of operational questions that investigators are frequently confronted by; salience, suspect elicitation, suspect procrastination, offender location, linking crimes, prediction, investigative decision-making, information retrieval, evaluation of information and preparing cases. At the centre of these questions are what known as profiling equations (see: Canter, 1995). These equations ensure that the conclusions that detectives make about suspects likely characteristics will become more Justifiable because they are supported by the profiling equations. However, as profiling reports become rationalized the effects of romanticism could be amplified and an increase in miscarriages of Justice could occur. Although, offender profiling can help in a number of investigative processes, namely; decision making, intelligence led policing, investigative interviewing, informant middling and suspect procrastination (Alison et al. , 2007:501). There are aspects that investigators need to be made aware of, such as tunnel vision or noble cause corruption within an investigation process have been described as insidious and are also noted by Williamson (2006:87) to be a major contributing factor to miscarriages of Justice. It could be compared to the pre-PACE times, when there was a heavy reliance on confession and a distinct lack for a truth search, in the view of the fact that early research demonstrated that the questioning of a suspect was only inducted after an assumption of guilt (Williamson, 2006:91). This is further supplemented after his analysis of the Home Office Paper 1992 where the misuse of offender profiling techniques is contributory factor to miscarriages of Justice (Williamson, 2006:96). The research concerning the effects that offender profiling has on miscarriages of Justice is sparse. This paper therefore focuses on analyzing some of the relevant, previous cases to explain how offender profiling can avoid miscarriages of Justice. Firstly, it is pertinent to note the key rule for the admission of expert evidence seen in the cases Folks v. Chad, 1782, R v Turner, 1975 and R v. Rob, 1991 (see: Sinker, 2010; Boss et al. 2010). The first time that a Professor of Psychology used offender profiling within a police investigation in the UK was in 1986, it was used to find the prolific Railway Rapist, John Duffy. Canters report was extremely useful in this case, Insinuators (2013:11) noted that this could be due to the investigators involved, using profiling as a tactic rather than using it to prove an assumption that Duffy was the offender. Whilst offender profiling is viewed as a form of expert evidence, the R v. Stag case in 994, demonstrated that psychological profiling was in fact inadmissible and the evidence was thus refused on the grounds that there were doubts as to whether psychological profile evidence had achieved widespread acceptance or had been adequately established as to be sufficiently reliable like scientific evidence (Boss et al. , 2010:189). This eventually led to Stag being acquitted. Following this, he sued for wrongful prosecution and subsequently highlighted the dangers of profiling its effect on miscarriages of Justice. Ruder of his pregnant wife, who on the outset was thought to have had committed suicide. During the original case, although his evidence was declined by the court, Professor Canter gave his opinion that Gullible did in fact pressurize his pregnant wife to write a suicide note and then force her to put a rope around her neck, after an analysis of her handwriting in a note found at the scene. He now rejects this crucial evidence after being allowed to spe ak to Gullible in person (Canter, 2008). This highlights the errors that can be made in cases such as this. Gullible spent 18 years in prison because of a number of serious police errors at the scene of the event The Times, 2012), and the apparent evidence, that had a major influence behind the scenes given by Canter (Canter, 2008). It has been noted that there is a lack of detective skills (Williamson, 2006:97) when it comes to offender profiling, and this could be due to investigators not having an agreed systematic approach or model to follow (Alison et al. , 2007:497). Although the Police Reform Act 2003 helped professionalism the investigative process, there is still a requirement for an established framework for investigators to follow.